• Background: Provide 1 or 2 sentences that explain the context of the study.

• Objective: State the precise objective, the specific hypothesis to be tested, or both.

• Methods: Describe the study design, including the use of cells, animal models, or human subjects. Identify the control group. Identify specific methods, procedures, and if appropriate, statistical analysis used. Describe interventions, if used.

• Results: Report the most important findings, including results of statistical analyses.

• Conclusions: Summarize in 1 or 2 sentences the primary outcomes of the study, including their potential clinical importance, if relevant (avoid generalizations). Include the participants, animals, or cells studied.

Any abbreviations used in the abstract should be defined in the abstract at first mention. Below the abstract, provide 5–10 keywords or short phrases.